Language and Communication Skills - 2017 Words

Introduction All humans are born with a need to communicate. Language is the tool which allows them to do this. It begins very simply with crying sounds used to tell the parents how they are feeling and builds up quickly, by the age of 5 they can usually use a huge rane of words, put together in complex sentences to describe, question, discuss, express feelings etc. Language has to be learnt. All babies babble in some way, even deaf babies. Language development begins at birth – a new mothers first reaction when holding her baby is to hold her close to her chest and look directly into her face and talk to her. This is the surest way to give her baby the best start. The development of oral language is one of the child’s most natural†¦show more content†¦When a child uses their finger to point at something they are commonly making an assertion (â€Å"There’s my†), and when a child uses an open hand this is usually a request (â€Å"Can I have?†). According to Greenfield and Smith (1976), Bates (1976) and Lock (1980), the child learns ‘speech acts’ at the gestural stage. The child will also learn that intentions such as (assertions, requests, commands, etc) can be conveyed as signals and use non-verbal vocalisations to then communicate a message (a child’s whimper and a pointing finger at a cookie = â€Å"I want that cookie†). Lock hypothosised that the combinations of preverbal vocalisations and gestures prefigure the coming messages in simple one and two word sentences. As the child’s vocabulary develops, the vocalisations accompanying the gestures are increasingly verbal until the child’s language is sufficiently sophisticated to perform speech acts through speech alone. Though we should not forget that gestures remain an important part of human communication ar all stages of development, to prove this just watch the hands of any adult giving road directions. The child’s cries and other preverbal vocalisations are among the most obvious early communicative acts: parents are usually able to distinguish between cries of hunger, pain, tiredness etc. In about theShow MoreRelatedCommunication, Language, And Speech Skills1251 Words   |  6 Pagesactivities, partner activities, and use their words when something goes wrong, which are all ways to help develop communication, language, and speech skills. Parents can continue to help these skills develop at home by talking to their children, teaching them new words, and having them use their own words to ask for something. Overall, Addison s communication, language, and speech skills are almost where they need to be and parents need to focus on her using her words when something goes wrong andRead MoreCommunication Skills And Language Proficiency1546 Words   |  7 Pagesresult he has never learned to read or write in his native Macedonian language. AK speaks English at home with his moth er, but she has a very distinct accent, which does affect some of her pronunciation of English words. This has helped him develop conversational English language proficiency or Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS) that are average for a fourth grader. However, he struggles with Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP) and his writing reflects it. His BICS level ofRead MoreInterpersonal Communication Skills And Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency1608 Words   |  7 PagesDescribe basic interpersonal communication skills and cognitive academic language proficiency from your own understanding (1’). †¢ Interpersonal communication skills, for me is the ability to speak to one another in a form that will allow us to exchange ideas, thoughts, information and emotions. If I had to explain this form of communication in one word I would say â€Å" Chat† this is because in a chat you are to swap and discuss a topic that is either important to you or the listener, or about somethingRead MoreHow the Areas of Speech, Language and Communication Skills Affect Areas of Development2554 Words   |  10 PagesIn this essay I will be talking about speech, language and communication skills and how they affect several areas of development. I will talk about the impact of speech, language and communication (SLC) difficulties and how adults can support children and extend their SLC. 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Making a sentence on phrase grammatical League is a tough job to a n glamour from the middle class especiallyRead MoreHow Infants Develop Their Language Or Communication Skills From The Way Their Parents Talk1556 Words   |  7 Pages touch and experience can have a lasting effect on us. For my controversy paper I will be discussing how infants develop their language or communication skills from the way their parents talk to them. While talking to a baby who may not be able to talk yet or does not even seem to be responding to you may seem silly. But it actually has a lasting effect on their language development. Even from when they are so small something as simple as talking to them can make a difference in their lives. ParentsRead MoreDevelo pmental Milestones : Physical, Cognitive, Social, Emotional, Language, And Nonverbal Communication Skills1769 Words   |  8 PagesA1: Developmental milestones describe physical skills or behaviors observed in children as they grow and develop at certain ages.1 These milestones include physical (gross and fine motor), cognitive, social, emotional, language and nonverbal communication skills. To ensure that children meet these developmental milestones, parents, early childhood and school teachers, general practitioners and pediatricians use checklists as a guide to ensure that children are roughly â€Å"on track† for their age.2Read MoreReading Between the Text Message Lines: How a Culture Becomes Dependent on Electronic Communication and Changes Language Skills Forever.1902 Words   |  8 Pageson electronic communication and changes language skills forever. 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The use of language affect the way we speak, the way we write our language. Improper use of written language can alsoRead MoreEffective Communication Is Enhanced By Good Communication Skills1322 Words   |  6 PagesCommunication involves the exchange of ideas and thoughts between two or more people with the aim of conveying information. Effective communication is enhanced by good communication skills. Good communication skills are important in all walks of life because it enables people to interact and convey information in an effective manner. For example, a doctor requires good communication skills in order to get the needed information from a patient. Failure to portray good communication skills by the doctor

Summary Kindred Story - 1077 Words

Kindred Epilogue Rewrite As I ripped by arm from its plaster prison, I began to feel that strangely familiar sensation, the dizziness. No, it must have been from the pain. I must be delusional. I couldn’t be going back. It wasn’t possible. Rufus was dead. He was dead! I had seen him die with my own two eyes. I had killed him with my own two hands. I couldn’t be going back! He was dead! I came to and looked around at the eerily familiar landscape, but something was missing. The house. It was gone. I slowly walked towards the plantation that I had visited so many times before, and as I grew closer and closer, I saw something peculiar. What was a rock doing in the middle of an empty field? The field was empty except for a single tree, which†¦show more content†¦Poor, sweet Carrie had predicted this. Why hadn’t I listened? A single tear streamed down Carrie’s face. Where was Nigel? I looked slightly to the left, and I saw him. His shirt was badly torn, and bright red blood was running down his back. Not only was he injured, but he was also handcuffed. No. Was he being charged for the murder of Rufus? He couldn’t be, this was my fault. I had to do something. I began to take a step, and as my foot hit the ground, I heard the snap of a branch, and Joe fell into my arms. He seemed to have fallen from the tree, and I immediately realized that i t had been Joe who previously asked about my arm. â€Å"Joe, what are you doing here?† â€Å"Nothin’. I’m just watchin’. What’s goin’ on Dana?† he answered calmly. â€Å"Everything’s fine Joe,† I replied through tears, â€Å"Maybe you should go back inside.† â€Å"Why are you lying to me? If everything was fine, you wouldn’t be crying.† If I offered to walk him back to his house, he might be willing to go inside. â€Å"Let’s go Joe,† I muttered as I took his hand. I began to walk towards the front door, when I heard a shout. â€Å"Hey! We missed one. Where do you think you’re goin’? Get back here!† I hadn’t thought this through. I should’ve stayed hidden. I ran and ran until I clumsily tripped over the branch that had fallen from the tree. I fell to the ground, and my vision became blurry. I was going home. My eyelids fluttered open, and I stared into Kevin’s beautiful, pale eyes. â€Å"How long was I gone this time?†Show MoreRelatedEveryman1653 Words   |  7 PagesEveryman Liberty University Online English 102 i. Thesis/ Introduction ii. Summary of Characters and what they add to the play a. Messenger b. God c. Death d. Everyman e. Fellowship f. Kindred g. Cousin h. Goods i. Good Deeds j. Knowledge k. Confession l. Beauty m. Strength n. Discretion o. Five Wits (Senses) p. Angel q. Doctor iii. 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Through these activities, we understand each other, how to work togetherRead MoreContemporary Literature for Trees Can Speak and Miracle on St. Davi ds1920 Words   |  8 Pages Choose a pair of themed texts (one short story, one poem) from your booklet and complete the following sections: Write a short summary of the texts (1.1) Trees Can Speak - This is the story of two men who go on an adventure together into the Australian outback. One of the men (Joe) has elective mutism and therefore unable to speak and the other suffered from infant paralysis and doesnt have much use of his legs. They communicate non-verbally with the use of body language and the way Joe nodsRead More Sweetness And Power Essay1968 Words   |  8 Pageschapter one is the source of focus for the book, which is shown in this statement on page 5: Specifically, I am concerned with a single substance called sucrose, a kind of sugar extracted primarily from the sugar can, and with what became of it. The story can be summed up in a few sentences. In 1000 A.D., few Europeans knew of the existence of sucrose, or can sugar. But soon afterward they learned about it; by 1650, in England the nobility and the wealthy had become inveterate sugar eaters, and sugarRead MoreSweetness and Power2050 Words   |  9 Pageschapter one is the source of focus for the book, which is shown in this statement on page 5: Specifically, I am concerned with a single substance called sucrose, a kind of sugar extracted primarily from the sugar can, and with what became of it. The story can be summed up in a few sentences. In 1000 A.D., few Europeans knew of the existence of sucrose, or can sugar. But soon afterward they learned about it; by 1650, in England the nobility and the wealthy had become inveterate sugar eaters, and sugarRead More English Morality Play Everyman Essay2045 Words   |  9 PagesDeath sees people with any worldly goods or riches he will strike them down with his dart and then they will be sent to hell for eternity. Next Death says, â€Å"Except if Alms be his good friend†. The word â€Å"alms† basically means the act of good deeds. In summary, if someone were to have good deeds towards their name then that means that they will be saved from an eternity in hell. In the next â€Å"scene†, Death spots Everyman â€Å"finely dressed†. As Death approaches him, he begins to ask Everyman a number of questions;Read MoreIntroduction. Jane Eyre Written By Charlotte Bronte Is2043 Words   |  9 Pagesorphan, who never waits for any charity from her relatives. The state of poverty results in into a closure into a system of poverty. Which makes her an ideal orphan to the Victorian community, (Brontë, 2008)? At a glance, Jane appears to be a romantic story in which the destitute, orphaned superwoman gets a habitat and possessions at the end. But Jane can, at last, grow to be an acceptable child in the society. Bronte presents her to be an excellent moral character that escapes poverty through uprightRead MoreReview Of Timothy Findley s The Wars 2531 Words   |  11 Pagesallowed me to understand the book from a multitude of different contexts. I understand the book more so through the themes, each theme examines a different view of th e book and when analyzed to an in-depth extent The Wars is no longer a novel, but a story about the history of World War I. The note taking has allowed me to develop my thesis, in which I will use the themes of animals, four elements of life and importance of life as the premise to each of my body paragraphs. Issues that I have had during

A Picture Is worth A Thousand Words and Favorite Memory free essay sample

People say a picture is worth a thousand words. I know how true that saying actually is. A picture also brings back memories; whether good or bad. I have a picture of a couple of my friends and I from our senior year spring break. Spring break senior year is my favorite memory. I went on a cruise with a couple of my best guy friends and I had the best time of my life during this week. All the talk from the graduating class before me talked about how hype spring break was and I never thought it would be as good as they made it to be, but I was wrong. This cruise is my favorite memory because of multiple reasons. One because I got to spend it to spend it with my closest friends, and also because we got to go to multiple places through out the week instead of just staying at one resort. We will write a custom essay sample on A Picture Is worth A Thousand Words and Favorite Memory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This was the very first time I ever went on a cruise, and I was pretty skeptical of it at first. On the actual boat we all went to the casino a lot, played basketball, went shopping at the shops on the island that the boat would stop at and swam on the rooftop pool. My favorite part of the day was the buffet meals, there was everything someone could dream of to eat. The very first night on the cruise we went to the casino. I had to ask my parents for money to use and all they kept telling me was â€Å"Do not blow all your money, be smart† â€Å"Ok whatever you say† I responded, thinking that wont happen. Every single day my friends and I wanted to go to the casino, it was so addicting. I realized after a couple of days that I should have listened to my parents because I ended up losing 120 dollars total. After I lost that much I knew I was done gambling. That is when I actually started to do other things, like actually hangout with all my friends and enjoy our time in the warm weather before going back to school. Something that I never thought that I would enjoy is the shopping part of the cruise. That was actually super fun because when we got off the boat right away the people of that island were there in little huts selling all their handmade items. I ended up buying a couple trinkets for my girlfriend and myself. It seems clichà © to say but as much as I had fun gambling and being on the cruise, I had more fun making memories with my friends. This vacation with my friends is my favorite memory. It was sort of the last thing we all could do together before we all went our separate ways in  college. At the time we took it for granite, but looking back on this vacation made me grateful for being able to spend my senior spring break on vacation, and let alone with my friends. Now that we all are in different parts of the state, all we have the memories we made together until new ones are made. A picture is worth more then words, its worth all the memories.

Pqhrm Module 12 Case Study Essay Example

Pqhrm Module 12 Case Study Essay This case study was done as a requirement of Professional Qualification in Human Resource Management, Stage 02. I am highly grateful to Mr. C Gannile for his guidance as well as for providing necessary information, which help me in completion of this case study. My thanks and appreciations go to my colleagues who have helped me out with their abilities. Content 1. Acknowledgement 2. Content 3. Executive Summary 4. Inroduction 5. Problem Analysing and Solutions 6. References Executive Summary Principles are fundamental  norms,  rules, or  values  that  represent  what is desirable and positive for a  person,  group,  organization, or  community, and help it in determining the rightfulness or wrongfulness of its  actions. This alakkaty foundation is rurrning only on morals and principles. In todays world it is bit difficult task to train and create such culture in whateve rthe Orgazination. But according the case study we can see that it is very successful and they are operating well for last 15 years. Basically, thiese principles and morals should comes from intrinsically. And the advantage of that is, once the people get used to that kind of culture they refrain doing wrong and whatever the difficulty comes , they try to do the work in a correct path way. So the counselling and mentoring will help a lot for create such mentality and attittude withing the people. Introduction We will write a custom essay sample on Pqhrm Module 12 Case Study specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pqhrm Module 12 Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pqhrm Module 12 Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Chairman of Alakkaty foundation – AF, Chennai was a former Accountant in a multi- national building construction company where it was believed that, like many other organizations, bribery, corruption and underhand dealing are all a part of a running a business. But he decided that Alakkaty, also a construction company, will be different, running only on morals and principles such as: * Virtue, the morale excellence evidence in my life as I consistently do what is right – No bribes or incentives of any sort was offered to anyone in any organization to be successful in securing the tenders or anything else. Therefore, their overheads were minimal. With a reasonable profit margin, their pricing became very competitive. They never advertise their services as customers do the advertising for them by word of mouth. * Benevolence, giving to others basic needs without having as my motive personal reward – He realized that his workers build shelter for others but they themselves, the majority of them , were without a roof above their heads, surviving on pavements and in make-shift shanties. The company started building flats for the employees who do not have a proper home. Responsibility, knowing and doing what is expected of me; Discernment, understanding the deeper reasons why things happen; and Sensitivity, perceiving the true attitudes and emotions of those around me – No employee was ever terminated for whatever reasoning AF. The labourers include alcoholics, drug addicts, pimps, gamblers, crooks and the like. Such people, when discovered after recruitment, were all subjecte d to intensive counselling, in extreme cases, even extended to family members. Such counselling was steeres by a committee headed by the Chairman himself. If I recruited someone because he seemed good to me and thereafter he became bad, I can get rid my headache by firing the person but it certainly does not absolve me from my responsibility, as I made the mistake in the first place† Alakkaty has been in operations for over 15 years and five years ago it was made into a public quoted company as it achieved significant business success. This is evidence that it is possible for an organization to be a company of character and operate fully on morals and principles and still be successful and achieve its objectives. Analysis 01. By analysing the given case study ,YES, I feel that an organization can run based on principles amp; it could be succesful to a considerable extend. In Today’s highly competitive bussiness world, there are different different organizations, in differennt different industries and those will have different different cultures. This Alakkaty Foundation was an Organization with a culture which admires amp; promote the morals amp; principles. What is an Organizational Culture ? Morals amp; Principles? We can define organizational Culture as ; The  values  and  behaviors  that  contribute  to the unique social and  psychological  environment  of an organization. Organizational culture is basically, the sum total of an  organizations  past and  current  assumptions,  experiences, philosophy, and values that hold it together, and is expressed in its self-image, inner  workings, interactions with the outside world, and future  expectations. It is based on shared  attitudes,  beliefs,  customs, express or  implied contracts, and written and unwritten  rules  that the organization  develops  over time and that have  worked  well enough to be considered  valid. Also called  corporate culture, it  manifests  in (1) the ways the organization  conducts  its  business, treats its  employees,  customers, and the wider  community, (2) the extent to which  autonomy  and  freedom  is allowed in  decision making, developing  new  ideas, and personal expression, (3) how  power  and  information flow  through its  hierarchy, and (4) the  strength  of employee  commitment  towards collective  objectives. It is termed strong or weak to the extent it is diffused through the organization. According to the given case study we can say that Alakkaty Foundation was a company which fully operates on principles amp; morals. The culture of Alakkaty Foundation was more into developing people and let them feel the sense of belongings. Also the culture of Alakkaty was more employee oriented and it seems to be the Management Style of the chairperson is more towards the democratic leadership style. With that kind of background an organization can run on morals amp; principles. The followings are the principles practicing in Alakkaty Foundation. Virtue Because of the no bribes or incentives or any sort was offered to any one in any organization they can be achieved many goals: Their overheads were minimal †¢ With a reasonable profit margin †¢ The pricing became very competitive. †¢ They only use word of mouth as the only advertising method. Benevolence Most of the employees live in the shanties because they do not have proper houses to live. After the company realized their reality they built shelter for their employees. Because of the company decided to increase the health and safety rate in th e company the new chairman started building flats for his employees. It makes some advantages such as, †¢ A sense of belongings to the employees A feeling of protection †¢ It increases the loyalty of the employees towards the company. †¢ The investment is for the long term †¢ Human resource is the most valuable asset to the company so it is important to look after them in order to touch their hearts. †¢ It gives a sense of ethical responsibility about the company to the other customers. †¢ Most importantly the company fulfills a basic requirement of a human being. Responsibility The chairman of the companynever terminated any employee for whatever the reason in Alakkaty Foundation. Most of the employees are alcoholics, drug addicted, pimps, grumblers, crooks and the like. They counseled the employees who are in need even the family members. The Chairman always takes the responsibility of recruiting such people and he always guide them and advise them to be good people to the society. 2. According to the case study, I think the main challenge for the Chairman of Alakkaty Foundation is changing Attitude of people based on the principles of the Organization. Because as per the case study, it says that the recruited people are from different educational amp; Social environments. Most of them are labourers include alcoholics, drug addicts, pimps, gamblers, crooks and the like. It is difficult to Change the moral of the management as well as to make employees trust on the principles and moral. At this point, the principles of sensitivity and benevolence has encourage the organization to address those problems. It will help to enhance the effectiveness and the efficiency of the laburers as well as the management. When dealing with employees from different cultural backgrouds various kinds of grievences can be arised. Grievence may be real or imagine. It is essential that grievence is brought to light discuss and the matter resolve to the satisfaction of all concern. Faileur to do so will only result in the grievance becoming worse in source of conflicts and eventually ending in a far more serious problems. Political and legal environment of the country is a part of the main challenge that Chairman has to addressed. also the competitors would be a challenge , as the most competitors in construction industry will run with bribery and corruption. 3. Factor that are strengthing the organization are visible and some are invisible. t is your responsibility to understant those factors of the business and encourage your employees to achieve the organizational goals and objectives. It is good know such factors of the organization by its members, and the way how they are going to use such advantage of thoese strenghts to achieve the organizational objective. According to the case study, the main pillars of strengthening the AF are leadersh ip style, values, organizational culture and motivation practices. The leadership style of the management of the AF accomplish the oranizational objectives accordingly. Ledership style also affecting on employees job satisfaction. As in many organizations, AF also have it own values and principles which direct organization to be success. Those values and principles are refers to the ideas what a group believe right or wrong. Therefore Values and principles can consider as another pillar which drives organization to the success. AF has combined organizational culture. It has employees from different backgrounds and the way they behave in the organization different from one to another. So AF has to create it own culture, unless it is difficult to the deal with the problems that are arise due to the various circumstances. Also the dedication and the attitude of the employees are very stong of this Organizaition. As in the beginning it says that the most labourers are alcoholics, drug addidct and pimps amp; etc. In our society, those type of people are not treated well and hardly give chances to develop. But this AF has recognized their abilities and counsel them to understand their importance to the society and their value. That concept has boost their moral and motivation. As the organization has effective counselling programme, the employees get an vast opportunity to resolve their problems by analysing themselves. This will helps to create a self-disciplined culture and it reduced the gap between the employees and the Management. Not only that, but also it will enhance the relationship among the employees. 4. Eventhough the Organization can run on the principles and moral, I believe there should be a systematic way of managing with polocies and procedures. By analysing the case study, I think there should be some changes to be done in the following areas; * Recruitment Procedure As the Organization recruit people such as, alcoholics, Drug addicts and so on, I think there should be a effective screening and short listing procedure. Because, we should take the correct decesion at the first place. By introducing a system such as, to check the competency level of the employees and their willingness to work during the interview process it will help to maitain discipline of the organization as well as the quality of the work deliverd. Training and development It seems to be that there is no proper method of Training amp; development of employees. I strongly believe that well trained and efficient workforce is crucial for the further development of AF. Such as AF will always strive to attract and retain employees with the special attitude. After their engagement, the AF must provide them with oppertunities to advance skills and professional expertise while providing the counselling. Also , this should go with the new techniques that organization can use for there further development. Introducing general policy on personal conduct This is to maintain the high standrads of conduct and work performance to ensure the AF maintain its reputation with customers and suppliers. Because, the people who worked as laboures are basically, drug addicts and alcoholics. This involves all employees observing all policies and procedures, treating colleagues with curtesy and respect and treating customers in a accceptable manner. * Advertising At present, there is no proper advertising method for Alakkatyy Foundation as it is dine by word oof mouth. To be more recognized organization, I believed there should be a effective advertising method such as using news papers or mass media. References * http://www. business. gov. au/BusinessTopics/motivatinltheories/Pages/dfault. aspx (accessed on 28th August 2012) * Human Resource Management (2011), Snell, S. , Bohlander, G. , Vohra, V. ; 4th Edition, Cengage Lerning (pvt) ltd. India * Study Pack for CCHRM (2010), by IPM Sri Lanka * Lecture notes given by Institute of Personnel Management SL for Module 12(2012)

Tell us about a talent, experience, contribution, or personal quality you will bring to the University of California

Tell us about a talent, experience, contribution, or personal quality you will bring to the University of California Free Online Research Papers Tell us about a talent, experience, contribution, or personal quality you will bring to the University of California I have some special qualities to bring into the U.C. system. A positive attitude is one characteristic that I have; I always get along with everyone and I know of no one that dislikes me. There has never been conflict between my teachers and me. I am a very compassionate person as well; I am concerned when with the welfare of others. When a friend has a problem I always try to find a way to help him or her. I am a person who sets good examples, and advises others to take the right action. One special quality about me is that I have a strong determination in my classes, and I learn from my mistakes. When I earn low test grades, for example, I realize that I hadn’t studied the material thoroughly and on the next test, I make sure I cover all the material and that I understand it well. Giving up is not an option to me; I try my hardest to do whatever it takes to fix a problem. Research Papers on Tell us about a talent, experience, contribution, or personal quality you will bring to the University of CaliforniaStandardized TestingQuebec and CanadaResearch Process Part OnePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Project Managment Office SystemCapital PunishmentThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThree Concepts of PsychodynamicThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use

Mating choice and Lonely Hearts Columns Essays

Mating choice and Lonely Hearts Columns Essays Mating choice and Lonely Hearts Columns Paper Mating choice and Lonely Hearts Columns Paper Darwins evolutionary theory stated that all species picked partners who possessed certain characteristics which would offer their offspring a better chance of survival Survival of the fittest.I wanted to see whether both genders offered/requested certain characteristics more or less than the other.I visited a website orientated around dating (mate choices) and accumulated data based upon those who had posted their add on the site.The independent variable was the gender of the person, where as the dependant variable was the number of terms they used in relation to personal appearance, financial resources and age.The results acquired were categorised accordingly in a table, in which I found out that;; Women tended to seek stability in the form of financial resources more than men, where as men tended to offer it more than their female counterparts.; Males tended to seek those who possessed a high level of physical attractiveness more than females. Where as females tended to offer it m ore than males.; Age was a very complex factor with both cases, as those who were young sought those who were older and vice versa. But those who were middle aged tended to seek those who were of their age group.In present day its more of being able to live with someone who can make you happy and give you and your sprouts a good chance in life.TERMINOLOGYLonely-Hearts Column relating to people who are looking for companions or marriage partnersFinancial Resources money/wealthPersonal Appearance physical attributesQuota sampling before the sample is selected the population is divided into appropriate categories from which the sample is selected. Usually with an equal number in each category.Google large search engine on the webBACKGROUNDCharles Darwins theory of evolution presumes the development of life from non-life and stresses a purely naturalistic descent with modification. That is, complex creatures evolve from more simplistic ancestors naturally over time. In a nutshell, as random genetic mutations occur within an organisms genetic code, the beneficial mutations are preserved because they aid survival a process known as natural selection. These beneficial mutations are passed on to the next generation.My hypotheses were based upon the Darwinian theory of Evolution (although many other people had thought of it before him.The purpose of this investigation was to test 3 hypotheses, which were orientated around the mate-choices of males and females, which were found in either Lonely Hearts Columns or on the Internet.There were various factors, which could have a profound effect on my results. The first was that of the location of the information in which I acquired my data from. The second was that of the age group and gender of those who either used a particular website or read a particular publication (newspapers, magazines), in which my data was going to be extrapolated.This investigation aimed to shine light upon whether males and females requested and offered similarly, differently, or equally in relation to mating-choices.HYPOTHESISThere were 3 hypotheses in which my investigation intended to explore. These were: Females request financial resources more than males, where as males offer it more than females. Females offer characteristics relating to Personal Appearance more than males, where as males tend to request it more than females. Females tend to request partners older than themselves, where as males tend to request partners younger than themselves.In relation to my hypotheses, my Null hypotheses were that: There will be no significant difference between the ways in which males and females present and request certain characteristics in regards to lonely-hearts columns.What I intended to measure specifically was the amount of terms relating to financial resources, personal appearance and age in which the two genders used (whilst requesting and offering).METHODThis was a research-based study, which consisted of obtainin g information on those who advertise themselves on the internet (www.dateclub.com).The population, from which my sample was drawn from, was simply all those who used dateclub.com to advertise themselves and search for partners.I used a Quota sampling method in order to obtain my sample, which consisted of 20 males and 20 females of all ages.In relation to allocation to conditions, I divided my sample into 2 (males and females) and then issued corresponding marks in relevant categories according to the number of terminologies used by my sample in relation to personal appearance, financial resources and age.I used Google on the Internet to find a site, which was widely used by both genders (ensuring that I had enough samples for my investigation) in order to sell themselves and also find a perfect match. Once one was found I went into 20 males and 20 female profiles and recorded their data. Which were immediately placed into my table.In order to maintain a high level of control, I mad e sure that all my data was acquired from the same site, on the same day and at the same time. All those who used the site had to be between 18 and 60. So the range of ages was also controlled.The independent variable was the gender of the person, where as the dependant variable was the number of terms they used in relation to personal appearance, financial resources and age.The reasons for my particular choice of methodology were that those who were in search of a mate would be either hard to find or very reluctant to be interviewed by myself. Due to the fact that many would find having to rely on an advertisement in order to find a partner embarrassing. Questionnaires also wouldnt work due to demand characteristics, so the only option which seemed viable, was that of undertaking my own personal research into lonely-hearts columns, which were very easy to find.Adds on the site are constantly added as well as removed, so being unable to know when this occurs, someone else carrying o ut this investigation may acquire results slightly different from that of my own, due to the currency of the data. So this factor could have an effect on the reliability of my data. Which also go for the ads found in newspapers.I chose to measure the data through the allocation of numbers (corresponding to number of terms used) into relevant cells in a table.During my investigation no ethical issues emerged. If there were going to be any it would be that of an invasion of privacy, but due to the fact that people post their traits on the site in order for others to view, the nature of my investigation is ethical.RESULTSTotalsGenderMalesFemalesTotal No of terms relating to Personal Appearance (sought)2617Total No of terms relating to Personal Appearance (offered)3353Total No of terms relating to Financial Resources (sought)38Total No of terms relating to Financial Resources (offered)205Average Difference between Lowest Age range requested and requesters age(31/9) = 3.4(52/17) = 3.1Ave rage Difference between Highest Age range requested and requesters age(37/9) = 4.1(45/17) = 2.6In relation to Personal Appearance, males ask for characteristics relating to it more than females. But on the other hand females offer it far more than males.In relation to Financial Resources, there wasnt a significant difference between the two genders when it came to being sought, although females predominated slightly. But when it came to offering, males did so 75% more than females.In relation to Age, there was hardly any difference with the average lowest age range requested by both genders. However with the average highest age range requested males tended to request much older partners than females.At a young age both genders tend to seek those who are physically appealing. But the older they become the more they tend to disregard personal appearance.Some people requested those who were within an age range, which was younger than theirs.the differences between the highest and lowes t age ranges requested and the requesters age had to be averaged out, due to the fact that a lot of people didnt request anyone within a certain age group. Therefore the table which had the most people requesting someone within a certain age range would most likely have a larger total than the other. So in order to make this a fair test and maintain a high level of control, I decided to average out the differences.(Total of all the differences divided by the number people who requested).As the age ranges seemed to cause the most problems when it came to totalling, it could be said that this is where my methodological flaw lay. As if I knew this would have happened then I would have used a stratified sample to select only those who wanted someone between a certain age range, but at the same time have equal amounts of each gender.The hypothesis, which was orientated around financial resources and personal appearance, conquered with my results. But that of age didnt, thus supporting my null hypothesis. I think this was because for both genders, those who were younger tended to seek those who were older and vice versa. Where as those who were in-between tended to seek those around their own age group, further proving that trends always change over timer.One issue that kept on emerging throughout was that of the results being correlation based rather than that of causality. As in if it was to be a correlation then for example females seeking financial resources more than males wouldnt seem plausible.References and Appendiceswww.darwins-theory-of-evolution.com

Chanticleer review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chanticleer review - Essay Example In February 22, 2013, the Chanticleer performed at the Ellen Eccles Theatre in UT, Logan. This was a twenty year celebration concerning The Cache Valley Center for Arts. This paper offers an overview of their performance. The Ellen Eccles Theatre was built in the early twentieth century. Over the years, it continues to draw loads of people from all over the U.S. its tickets are always in demand due to the variety and quality of shows it offers. An example is the Grammy-award winning Chanticleer group. New Yorkers praise the Chanticleer as the best male chorus in the world. Its presence at the Ellen Eccles attracted thousands of fans and music enthusiasts who wanted to catch a glimpse of the famous and sensational singing of Chanticleer. Subsequently, when they came on stage, they lived up to these expectations. Their intonation was perfect with a variety of singers ranging from bass to countertenor. It was as though they were using fabrication technology to sing through. However, they proved this by staging the microphones in front of their half-circle formation. Each singer brought out the required cadence, which was smooth. No one was high, low, or out of tone. In combination, the microphones captured a pure blend of music which was incredibly soothing to the ears. In fact, this was obvious from how the audience kept quiet and was enthusiastic throughout the performance. Furthermore, backed up by the magnificent and state of the art Ellen Eccles stage, the Chanticleer displayed a swagger of style with elegant black tuxedos. The unique feature that Chanticleer offers are the feeling of uncertainty that they bring out in their performance. No one can predict how their performance is going to be. Hence, spectators recognize the value for their money. Apart from the pure tones, the group also offered a flawless melding of immaculate melodic layers that filled the Ellen Eccles with luminous sound. The

Nicolaus Copernicus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nicolaus Copernicus - Essay Example was aware of this and could not present any observational "proof" in his manuscript, relying instead on arguments about what would be a more complete and elegant system. From publication until about 1700, few astronomers were convinced by the Copernican system, though the book was relatively widely circulated (around 500 copies are known to still exist, which is a large number by the scientific standards of the time). Many astronomers, however, accepted some aspects of the theory at the expense of others, and his model did have a large influence on later scientists such as Galileo and Johannes Kepler, who adopted, championed and (especially in Kepler's case) sought to improve it. Galileo's observation of the phases of Venus produced the first observational evidence for Copernicus' theory. The Copernican system can be summarized in seven propositions, as Copernicus himself collected them in a Compendium of De revolutionibus that was found and published in 1878: 1. Orbits and celestial spheres do not have a unique, common, center. 2. The center of the Earth is not the center of the Universe, but only the center of the Earth's mass and of the lunar orbit. 3. All the planets move along orbits whose center is the Sun, therefore the Sun is the center of the World. (Copernicus was never certain whether the Sun moved or not, claiming that the center of the World is "in the Sun, or near it.") 4. The distance between the Earth and the Sun, compared with the distance between the Earth and the fixed stars, is very small. 5. The daytime motion of the Sun is only apparent, and represents the effect of a rotation that the Earth makes every 24 hours around its axis, always parallel to itself. 6. The Earth (together with its Moon, and just like the other planets) moves around the... Copernicus' major work, was the result of decades of labor. It opened with an originally anonymous preface by Andreas Osiander, a theologian friend of Copernicus, who urged that the theory did not necessarily have implications outside the limited realm of astronomy. Copernicus' actual book began with a letter from his (by then deceased) friend, the Archbishop of Capua, urging Copernicus to publish his theory. Then, in a lengthy introduction, Copernicus dedicated the book to Pope Paul III, explaining his ostensible motive in writing the book as relating to the inability of earlier astronomers to agree on an adequate theory of the planets, and noting that if his system increased the accuracy of astronomical predictions it would allow the Church to develop a more accurate calendar (calendar reform then being an important question and one of the major reasons for Church funding of astronomy.

The problem solution of rmg Essay Example for Free

The problem solution of rmg Essay Submitted to Institute of Governance Studies BRAC University Dhaka In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Arts in Governance and Development (MAGD) Institute of Governance Studies BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh November 2010 Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. I authorize the Institute of Governance Studies (IGS) and BRAC University to lend this thesis to other Institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research only. I further authorize the IGS and BRAC University to reproduce this thesis by photocopying or by other means, in total or in part, at the request of other institutions for the purpose of scholarly research. Urmi Tamanna ID-07272026 MAGD Batch-2 IGS, BRAC University i Acknowledgement All praise and gratitude to Allah (The alone we worship, the alone we ask for Help). This is matter of challenge and enjoyment to do a research work in a supportive academic environment like IGS and BRAC University. Firstly, I would like to express my sincere respect to my supervisor Professor Iftekhar Ghani Chowdhury for his valuable guidance and unparallel support which makes me confident to work on this challenging issue. I had full support from my family; my husband, Insha and Taasin, Father, Mother, Sister and Brother. I also got tremendous support from Raihan and my other batch mates (BCS 21st and MAGD). I would thank Netherlands Government and BRAC University to study in the MAGD programme. Finally I show my sincere obligation and respect to the people of Bangladesh and the Ministry of Finance on behalf of Government of Bangladesh to allow me to study in this beautiful place and academic zone. ii Table of Contents Page No. Declaration I Acknowledgement II Table of Contents III-IV Abbreviation V Abstract VI Chapter One- Introduction 1-16 1. 1 Historical Development of Labor Law in Bangladesh 1 1. 2 Present Situation 2 1. 3 Worker’s Rights Situation 3 1. 4 Lack of Union’s Legal Advisory System 3 1. 5 Professional Legal Support is Costly 3 1. 6 New Labor Code 4 1. 7 The Functions of Labor Union 4 1. 8 Labor Union in Bangladesh 5 1. 9 Industrial Relations Act, 2004 6 1. 10 Labor Union Activities in Bangladesh 7 1. 11 Trade Union Activities in RMG Sector 8 1. 12 Labor Union in EPZ Units 10 1. 13 The Situation during Caretaker Government 10 1. 14 ILO Directives 11 1. 15 Rationale of the Study 13 1. 16 Background of the Research 13 1. 17 Objective of this Research Work 14 1. 17 (a) Research Question 14 1. 17 (b) Hypothesis 14 1. 18 Methodology 14 1. 19 Sources of Data 14 1. 20 Analytical Tools Used 15 1. 21 Sample Size and Structure 15 1. 22 Limitations 16 1. 23 Structure of the Study 16 iii Chapter Two- Labor Outburst in RMG Sector of Bangladesh 17-21 2. 1Various incidence of labor unrest 17 2. 2 Small Beginnings of a Mass Revolt 17 2. 3 Containing Riots in the RMG Sector 2. 4 Conclusion 19 20 Chapter Three – Literature Review 22-28 3. 2 Grievance of labor was the centre of the labor unrest 22 3. 3 Agreements with Garment Workers not honored 24 3. 4 Non implementation of minimum wage 25 3. 5 Lack of tolerance of the labor was reason behind that unrest 25 3. 6 Other interest Parties 26 3. 7 Labor legislation and labor unrest 26 3. 8 Unions and workers 27 3. 9 Issue which is not addressed 27 3. 10 Questionnaire 27 3. 11 Conclusion 28 Chapter Four Stakeholders’ perception regarding labor union 29-39 4. 2 Issues that are Addressed in Questionnaire 29 4. 3 Overall Response 29 4. 6 Response of respondents from unaffected garment industries 33 4. 8 Response of respondents from affected garment industries Where Labor was Occurred 4. 9 Conclusion Chapter Five- Findings and Conclusion 36 39 40-43 5. 2 Lesson Learned 43 5. 3 Further Research 43 Reference 44 Appendix One –Questionnaire 45 Appendix Two-– Brief scenario of RMG sector of Bangladesh 46-50 iv ABBREVIATIONS BEA Bangladesh Economic Association BGMEA Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association BILS Bangladesh Institute of Labor Studies FDI Foreign Direct Investment GDP Gross Domestic Product LU Labour Union MFA Multi-Fibre Arrangement RMG Ready Made Garments EPZ Export Processing Zone v ABSTRACT Readymade Garments (RMG) is the main foreign exchange earning sector of Bangladesh. At the same time this labor intensive sector is very important to address the demands of occupation of a huge population. Reputation of this sector is high which underpins the success of this sector. But in recent times the growth and existence of this sector came under threat when this sector faced severe labor unrest. Due to the labor unrest there has been huge loss of production, and some of the factories were ruined by protesters, several laborers were killed, and lot of labors were injured and arrested. It is said that there were legitimate demand of the laborers which should have been addressed by the owners. But these demands were not addressed which created the grievance of the laborers. In course of time these grievance bolstered the unrest. On the other hand, some laborers were not sincere and honest to their job and responsibilities. These laborers involved themselves in the destruction of their own industries. While most of the researchers addressed the reasons of that unrest, in this research the probable solution of that problem has been addressed by collecting stakeholders’ perceptions through questionnaires. It has been found that to address the grievances and to consider the limitations of the financial capacity of the owners a bridging mechanism, labor union, between laborers and owner is needed. Moreover, it was found that most of the respondents think that labor union can be used as a tool to mitigate the risks of labor unrest in RMG sector of Bangladesh. vi Labor Unrest in Bangladesh RMG Sector: Does Active Labor Union Reduce the Risk of Labor Unrest in RMG Sector? A Dissertation by Urmi Tamanna ID-07272026 MAGD Batch-2 Approved as to Style and Contents By Professor Iftekhar Ghani Chowdhury Supervisor Institute of Governance Studies BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh November 2010 Labor Unrest in Bangladesh RMG Sector: Does active labor union reduce the risk of labor unrest in RMG sector? Chapter-One Introduction Introduction The readymade garments (RMG) sector, the single biggest foreign exchange earner in Bangladesh has come a long way in last two decades. The industry has crossed many hurdles to stay competitive. It has proved many predictions futile and wrong and competes fiercely even after the abolition of quotas under Multi-Fibre Arrangement (MFA) in the North American market and special market entry to European markets. The credit for that achievement goes primarily to the entrepreneurs and the laborers. But the relationship between these two major contributors has come into question and the industry is under severe pressure because of labor unrest. After the labor unrest of 2006 in several RMG units, the sector sustained a loss to the tune of US$60 million, Khan, S. (2007). The fact remains that trade unionism is virtually absent in the garments sector and when responsible labor movement is not given any chance, the consequence is indiscipline and chaos leading to a situation where the mob takes over. So the notion of the absence of labor unionism in the garments in most of the industries as a reason for widespread violence needs more research to reveal the reasons behind and offer possible policy solutions to the crisis. 1. 1 Historical development of Labor Law In Bangladesh In British-India industrialization paved its way during the last part of eighteenth century. Workers condition of work, environment was worst. That time the few labor laws existed in the sub-continent was not enough to protect the rights of the working people. Most of the labour laws we have inherited from British-India and Pakistani period. First labor law came in this subcontinent was Workers Compensation Act, 1923. Workers got their Trade Union rights after a long struggle under Trade Union Act, 1926. At the time of Pakistani period 2 separate laws was there, Trade Union Act ; Industrial Dispute Settlement Act, these 2 laws merge into Industrial Relation Ordinance, 1969. Major labor laws enacted in the year 1965, such as Factories Act, Shops ; Establishment Act, Employment of Labour (SO) Act. Later on, so many amendments made on labor laws. Moreover, separate rules were also enacted for 1 better implementation of the law. Bangladesh government set up a separate Inspection Authority to supervise and monitor the implementation of labor laws. 1. 2 Present situation Our labor laws are presently scattered in different statutes. In other words, labour laws are yet to be codified. The necessity of such codification had been felt by many since long. Besides, the existing labor laws suffer from some inherent flaws and require to be updated to meet the present demand of proper dispensation of justice. Actually we inherited the laws and the legal system of our country from British-India. The British enacted laws to primarily suit their colonial purpose. Now ours is liberated country and its outlook and demand have changed drastically. Therefore either the existing laws should be adequately amended or new laws be enacted, suiting the present demand of the society. Out of 44 statutes of our labor laws 2 are from the nineteenth century and another 13 from the between the beginning of twentieth century and the partition of the sub-continent in 1947. Another 23 statutes were enacted during the Pakistan period (1947-1971), the reset i. e. , six statutes have been enacted since liberation. These scattered laws need to be unified. Keeping this in view in 1992 a National Labour Law Commission was formed. The Commission opted for recommending the enactment of a Labour Code. The successions for a Labour Code, however, seem to have been shelved, at least for the time being. Nevertheless, occasional attempts have been undertaken to revive interest in the proposed Labour Code. The National Trade Union Leaders of the Labour Law Review Committee was reconstituted in August 1998. Earlier the International Labour Organization-ILO office in Bangladesh also submitted its comments on the Draft Labour Code prepared by the Commission. 7-member review committee has been formed by the government to re-asses the proposed Draft Labour Code. However, after the emergence of the new state of Bangladesh, no such initiative has ever been taken by any of the successive governments and the issue has always been given back seat by them. Surprisingly, the new recommended Labour Code, 1994 of the National Labour Law Commission is still awaiting governments approval and subsequent enactment. Without a complete Labour Code, to end the violation of workers rights will remain a far cry. 2 1. 3 Workers rights situation Workers rights are highly violated in the country. Mass people are not aware of the rights of working people. Even the policy makers are not that much concerned. Civil society shows negligence towards the rights of the workers. The Constitution of the country guarantees rights to organize but unfortunately there are so many restrictions to form and join Trade Union in several types of industries and areas i. e. Govt. Employees, Export Processing Zones (EPZ), Rural Electrification Board, and all types of security and confidential staffs, Security Printing Press, employees of education/research institutions, hospitals and clinics, NGOs, Army, Police etc. To meet the end of these violation and deprivation awareness should be raised among the workers themselves. Labor Union activists should be given more knowledge and power to build their capacity in collective bargaining and motivational activity. 1. 4 Lack of unions legal advisory system Due to multiplicity, in house union system, political tailing and lack of one single National Trade Centre, trade unions becoming weak day by day. Membership dues collection for union and rate of dues are very small size. Due to financial inability members are not getting so many services from the union. One of important service they required is to get legal advice at the time of facing grievance handling, preparing court cases, protection of their rights etc. At present union has no such legal advisory system. Bangladesh Institute of Labour Studies (BILS) can provide such services by establishing a small legal cell. 1. 5 Professional legal support is costly Legal advice and legal support is always a costly service not only in Bangladesh but almost anywhere in the world. Workers income rate are very poor, their social security scheme are also weak. Working class are always facing serious problem when they get some problem on their job. Workers jobs are always on risk. The employers have so much power to terminate 3 the job of workers. To face the legal court cases professional lawyers services they need but their services are very costly. Workers have no ability to pay for that. 1. 6 New Labor Code The country’s constitution guaranteed all the fundamental rights of the citizen and every body are equal in the eye of law, irrespective of color, sex, class, profession and religion. Bangladesh is a member of ILO since 1972 and obtained membership of the UN in 1974. Though it has ratified 7 out of 8 core ILO Conventions the employers are use to ignoring the law. Most of the ratified ILO conventions are not fully implemented. The present labour law of the country should be updated; a complete labour code should be passed. A step was taken in this regard in 1994 and a labor code was proposed. Trade Union federations of the country made their recommendations and suggestions to make the code a complete document for protecting workers rights, but the government is still to pass the code. [BILS 2005] 1. 7 The functions of Labor Union A trade union or labor union is an organization of workers who band together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages, hours, and working conditions, forming a cartel of labor. The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members (rank and file members) and negotiates labor contracts with employers. This may include the negotiation of wages, work rules, complaint procedures, rules governing hiring, firing and promotion of workers, benefits, workplace safety and policies. The agreements negotiated by the union leaders are binding on the rank and file members and the employer and in some cases on other non-member workers. These organizations may comprise individual workers, professionals, past workers, or the unemployed. The most common, but by no means only, purpose of these organizations is maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment Over the last three hundred years, many trade unions have developed into a number of forms, influenced by differing political and economic regimes. The immediate objectives and activities of trade unions vary and include: 4 †¢ Provision of benefits to members: Early trade unions, like Friendly Societies, often provided a range of benefits to insure members against unemployment, ill health, old age and funeral expenses. In many developed countries, these functions have been assumed by the state; however, the provision of professional training, legal advice and representation for members is still an important benefit of trade union membership. †¢ Collective bargaining: Where trade unions are able to operate openly and are recognized by employers, they may negotiate with employers over wages and working conditions. †¢ Industrial action: Trade unions may enforce strikes or resistance to lockouts in furtherance of particular goals. †¢ Political activity: Trade unions may promote legislation favorable to the interests of their members or workers as a whole. To this end they may pursue campaigns, undertake lobbying, or financially support individual candidates or parties (such as the Labour Party in Britain) for public office. (wikipedia) 1. 8 Labor Union in Bangladesh The Industrial Relations Ordinance, 1969 [Ordinance XXIII of 1969] [13th November, 1969] This ordinance is about formation of trade unions, the regulation of relations between employers and workmen and the avoidance and settlement of any differences or disputes arising between them or matters connected therewith. Certain related sections are depicted below. Sec 2(v): â€Å" Collective bargaining agent † in relation to an establishment or industry, means the trade union of workmen which, under section 22, is the agent of the workmen in the establishment or, as the case may be, industry, in the matter of collective bargaining; Sec 2(xiii): â€Å" Industrial Dispute† means any dispute or difference between employers and employers or between employers and workmen or between workmen and workmen, which is connected with the employment or non employment or the terms of employment or the conditions of work of any person; 5 Sec 2(xxiv): â€Å"Settlement† means a settlement arrived at in the course of conciliation proceeding, and includes an agreement between an employer and his workmen arrived at otherwise than in the course of any conciliation proceeding, where such agreement is in writing, has been signed by the parties thereto in such manner as may be prescribed and a copy thereto in such manner as may be prescribed and a copy thereof has been sent to the Government, the Conciliator and such other person as may be prescribed; Sec 2(xxvi): â€Å"Trade Union† means any combination of workmen or employers formed primarily for the purpose of regulating the relations between workmen and employers, or for imposing restrictive conditions on the conduct or any trade or business and includes a federation of two or more trade unions; Sec 3: Trade unions and freedom of association. Subject to the provisions contained in this Ordinancea) Workers, without distinction whatsoever, shall have the right to establish and, subject only to the Rules of the organization concerned, to join associations of their own choosing without previous authorization; b) Employers, without distinct whatsoever, shall have the right to establish and, subject only to the Rules of the organization concerned, to join associations of their own choosing without previous authorization; c) Trade unions and employers’ associations shall have the right to draw up their constitutions and rules, to elect their representatives in full freedom, to organize their administration and activities and to formulate their programmes; d) Workers’ and employers’ organizations shall have the right to establish and join federations and confederations and any such organization, federation or confederation shall have the right to affiliate with international organizations and confederations of workers’ and employers’ organization; [Khan, 2006 p. p155-162] 1. 9 Industrial Relations Act, 2004 [Act no. 23 of 2004] [4th September, 2004] This Act made provisions for recognizing the right of the workers to form association, regulation of relations and settlement of differences or disputes arising between employers 6 and workers in Export Processing Zones and for matters connected therewith. Certain related sections are depicted below. Sec 5: Workers representation and welfare committee. – (1) After commencement of this Act, the Executive Chairman or any officer authorized by him in that behalf, shall require the employer and the workers in an industrial unit in a zone to constitute, in prescribed manner, a Workers Representation and Welfare Committee, hereinafter referred to as the committee. Sec 11: Duration and cessation of committee. – (1) A committee constituted in a Zone shall be in existence till October 31, 2006 Sec 13: Formation of Workers Association. (1) With expiry of October 31, 2006 and beginning of November 1, 2006, the workers in an industrial unit situated within the territorial limits of a Zone shall have the right to form association to engage in industrial relations subject to the provisions made by or under this Act. [Khan, 2006 p. p497-506] 1. 10 Labor union activities in Bangladesh The trade unions are very strong in Bangladesh, although only 3. 5 percent of the workforce is unionized, but most of the unions are limited to the public sector or state-controlled enterprises. According to the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU), there are a total of 23 national trade union centers in Bangladesh and approximately 5,450 trade unions. The largest of these are the Bangladesh Jatio Sramik League (BJSL); the Bangladesh Jatiyatabadi Sramik Dal (BJSD); the Jatiya Sramik Party (JSP); the Bangladesh Free Trade Union Congress (BFTUC); and the Jatio Sramik League (JSL). These bodies are organized together in the ICFTU Bangladesh Council. About 1. 8 million of the countrys workers belong to unions, out of a total workforce of approximately 58 million. The unions tend to have strong links to major political parties or are controlled by political figures, and they often lead political action and strikes in the country. Strikes are extremely common in Bangladesh and can paralyze business activities for weeks. The private sector is less unionized and trade unions are practically banned from the Export Processing Zones (EPZ) until 2008, as the EPZ is exempted from certain labor laws. In case of industrial dispute the problems are supposed to be solved through the Labor Tribunal. 7 Unlike many Middle Eastern countries, women in Bangladesh enjoy considerable freedom and are generally involved in education and labor, although the employment and literacy rates among them generally are lower than among men. Recent surges in the garment industry brought new employment opportunities for women, as around 95 percent of people employed in this sector are women. However, in the rural areas the women very often are disadvantaged and among the poorer members of the communities. Currently, more than 37 percent of the labor force is women. However, unionization among women, and hence the protection of their rights, is generally lower than among men. [National Economies Encyclopedia] 1. 11 Trade union activities in RMG sector Trade Union movement in garments sector is very weak. Even it is weaker than the other sectors. There are 8 country wide registered trade union federations. There are 9 federations registered as division based. Another 5 registered federations are combined with Jute, Textile and leather Sector. Apart from these, there are 6 unregistered federations in this sector. There are 3 alliances in the garment sector. These are: 1. Bangladesh Garments Workers Unity Council. 2. Bangladesh Garments Workers and Employees Unity Council. 3. B. N. C. C. (Bangladesh Coordinating Committee, affiliated with (ITGLWF). Main reason of the weakness of trade union movement of garment sector in Bangladesh are: 1. Disunity and division of organizations. 2. Unlimited and long working hours. 3. Absence of Job security. 4. Migration from factory to factory. 5. Absence of weekly holiday and other holidays. 6. Majority of women. 7. State policy. 8. Elite class ownership. 9. Low wage. 10. Unemployment of the country. Though there were 16 unions representing garment workers in January 2006, according to the Democratic Workers Party the level of unionization among workers was very low. Where unions were involved, they act more like extortionists, taking money from management to keep the employees in line while at the same time collecting dues from their members, with whom they had virtually no contact. Most of the unions had direct or indirect links with local and foreign NGOs, and receiving lucrative grants seems to be their main goal. [July 14th, 2006 by Libcom] Most of the trade unions appeared to be tools of one or other of the political parties, strikes being used more as vehicles for pursuing political goals against rival parties than improving 8 workers conditions. The Nation Garment Workers Federation apparently is an exception to this, being a more grass-roots organization, closer to an expression of workers selforganization emerging from their own struggles. It would be too easy and simplistic to apply critiques of modern western business unions to such an organisation. 11 years ago the NGWF was an organisation with 3 workers paid a basic garment workers wage operating out of a shed in a workers slum. Working in conditions more similar for workers in Europe a century or two ago, basic organization for defence and improvement of working conditions is a matter, sometimes, of whether one starves or not. With rapid large-scale proletarianisation of rural workers in many parts of Asia (China, India etc) struggles for unionization are likely to follow. Though organising trade unions were banned by employers in the EPZs, this has changed, as one of the concessions won by the revolt. This is anyway a convenient concession for the owners; a Bill was introduced into the US Senate which, if passed, would ban all imports produced in sweatshops. This is a form of US trade protectionism and corporate image management expressed as concern for workers conditions. The Bill would penalise Bangladesh, Jordan etc and Americas big rival China in, for example, the garment industry, by attempting to undercut their present advantage of cheaper labour costs. the Greater Los Angeles area has surpassed the New York area as the center of the North American garment industry. Home to more than 1,000 manufacturers who employ an estimated 90,000 workers, most of them immigrant, the garment and related industries account for as much as 10 percent of Los Angeles economy, according to Sweatshop Slaves. Nearly one in five local employees today work in the garment industry, making it Los Angeles leading manufacturing sector. (Review of Sweatshop Slaves: Asian Americans in the Garment Industry, Various, 2006. ) As well as the dire conditions of employment, the low level of unionism is one likely reason for the ferocity of the workers response. When it erupts, unmediated class war is generally conducted more brutally on both sides. The Bangladesh state finally realised this when it brought in union officials to mediate and negotiate an end to the rebellion. In the long term, union representation is usually granted by the bosses as a necessary safety valve mechanism and tool of management for the stability of the production process. [Libcom 2006] 9 1. 12 Labor Union in EPZ units Labor union was banned from EPZ units until 2008. For the first time in the country, 69 industrial units in Dhaka and Chittagong export processing zones (EPZ) have introduced workers’ associations on the basis of referendums by workers. At the same time, workers of 22 industrial units have voted for not having any trade union body for themselves for yet another year. The referendums on having workers’ associations were held from January to the middle of this month. There are 124 more â€Å"eligible† industrial units in these two EPZs which will have to hold their referendums by 2010 as per a decision of Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority (BEPZA) on the basis of a 2004 act on allowing trade union activities. Although referendums are supposed to be held without any external influence and spontaneously by the workers, BEPZA is putting pressure on the industry owners to hold them as soon as possible. American labour group that has been pushing hard for implementing trade union rights at the EPZs has mounted pressure on the government to have the associations as soon as possible. The factories at the EPZs on an average pay 40 percent more than the factories outside the EPZs. Yet during last year’s unrest, some of the best paying factories in the EPZs came under attack by their own workers. Owners of these factories and law enforcement agencies have said this unrest was prompted by outsiders for their petty gains. Although the referendums are supposed to be held without any external influence and spontaneously by the workers, the Bepza is putting pressure on the industry owners to hold the referendums as soon as possible. The president of Bangladesh Readymade Garments Labour Federation, said, â€Å"Lack of proper monitoring by the government, lack of sincerity of the owners and ignorance of workers of most factories are not complying with the law. †[bangladeshnews. com. bd, 23 March 2008] 1. 13 The situation during caretaker government Garments are Bangladesh’s main export, and have been a major contributor to the country’s economic growth in recent years. The industry has also been important in creating jobs for women. â€Å"International companies that source garments in Bangladesh should insist that the Bangladeshi government end harassment of labor rights activists,† said Adams. â€Å"They should make it clear that labor organizing and activism is part of the deal when operating in the 10 world economic system and that they will not accept it if activists are jailed, intimidated or harassed by the authorities. † Bangladesh has been under a state of emergency since January 11, 2007. The emergency rules have placed serious limits on civil and political rights, and have severely diluted constitutional protections of individual rights. In a letter to the government dated August 1, 2007, Human Rights Watch called for the lifting of the state of emergency. Emergency Power Rules of January 25, 2007 prohibits processions, meetings, assemblies and trade union activities. â€Å"The interim government is abusing its emergency powers to target individuals who are trying to protect workers’ rights in Bangladesh’s most important export industry,† said Brad Adams, Asia director at Human Rights Watch on the backdrop of the arrest of Mehedi Hasan of the Worker Rights Consortium (WRC) on January 24, 2008. He was arrested and detained by National Security Intelligence in Dhaka. His arrest is believed to be directly linked to the labor rights monitoring that he carried out for WRC, a nongovernmental organization that investigates labor practices at apparel factories, largely on behalf of US colleges and universities. Hasan is being held for violating Articles 3 and 4(1) of the Emergency Power Rules of January 25, 2007. In recent days, the authorities have invoked Emergency Power Rules and have filed criminal cases against dozens of trade union members, including leaders of the Bangladesh Independent Garment Workers’ Union Federation. Many other labor rights activists have complained to Human Rights Watch about being threatened and being under constant surveillance. According to police sources, a number of international organizations and their staff members are currently being monitored for allegedly engineering or inciting subversive activities within the garment industry. 1. 14 ILO Directives The International Labour Organisation rapped Bangladesh for its continuing failure to provide full trade union freedoms in the country and for permitting serious violations of ILO Conventions both in law and in practice. In particular, it deplored the obstacles to the establishment of unions in Export Processing Zones and the arrest and harassment of union leaders and activists in the garment sector. 11 And the ILO’s Committee on the Application of Standards singled out Bangladesh for special attention expressing concern over the escalation of industrial violence stressing that freedom of association could only be exercised in a climate that was free from violence, pressure or threats of any kind against trade union leaders and members. The Committee demanded that the Bangladesh Government take measures for the amendment of the Labour Act and the EPZ Workers Associations and Industrial Relations Act so as to bring them into full conformity with the provisions of ILO Convention 87 which Bangladesh has ratified and is duty-bound to observe. The ILO called upon the Bangladesh Government to ensure that all workers were fully guaranteed the protection of the Convention and demanded that the nece

Mixed Martial Arts Essay -- Sports Mixed Martial Arts History Essays

Mixed Martial Arts   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First off mixed martial arts is what it sounds like. It is a session between two opponents who have trained or cross trained in martial arts. Although mixed martial arts in not a mainstream sport, there is no reason why it should be banned in any state here in the United States. Like most, if not all sports, there are rules that one most abide by , the fights are sanctioned, so rules must apply. There are regulations and weight classes much like other sports. Mixed martial arts is considered to be the ultimate fighting method. To be considered an accomplished fighter you have to have skills in striking, take downs, submissions, stamina, but most of all you need heart.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mixed martial arts, or MMA, started back in the United States in 1993, and over 70 year ago in other countries. â€Å"The first mixed martial arts organization in the United States was the Ultimate Fighting Champion or UFC. Japan's biggest mixed martial arts organization is PrideFC, which started back in 1997,† (Doty 13). These may be the two largest mixed martial arts companies in the world. Back then and still today mixed martial arts have been the subject of arguable political debate. The people against mixed martial arts have had many arguments against the sport in the early to mid 90s. It even convinced several states to ban the sport. This was because when mixed martial arts first started there was little to no rules. This was a one-event night tournament, where any fighters that signed up would fight numerous matches in one night, in a single elimination style tournament until one champion was named. Two men entered an octagon arena and did whatever they had to do to knock out, or tap out their opponent. Mixed martial arts fighters could not bite, eye gouge, or fish hook, and fights could only end with a referee's stoppage, a knock out, or submission (Royce 6). Basically it was a street fight without weapons. In 2001 a major factor in the comeback of the sport, and the return of the sport to pay-per-view was the employ of a new set of rules. The unified rules of mixed martial arts combat, as drafted in New Jersey, and later adopted in Nevada 2001 were a welcome change to the sport. â€Å"The new rules featured five weight classes, rounds, time limits, a list of over 31 fouls, and eight possible ways for the fight to end,†(Walter, grapplearts.com). The unified ... ... Its fans and fighters can be found all over the country. They represent every race and class of people in the United States. They are teachers, student, attorneys, truck drivers, accountants, ministers, soldiers, doctors, police officers, and family members. They are as much American as the fans and athletes involved in any other sport that is popularly and culturally accepted by the people of the United States of America. They are not savages, barbarians or criminals, or are they a collection of social deviants and miscreants as people like John McCain would have the voting public believe. They are simply people who enjoy a sport that is misunderstood and as a result, feared and hated. With this stated, MMA should be completely legalized in the United States. Work Cited Doty, Edward. Life in The Cage. New York, NY: EZboard Inc, 1998. Hester, Todd. "Wanderlei Silva." Grappling May 2004 36-40, 91,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  92, 97, 98. Royce, Gracie. "What it Takes to be a Fighter." Grappling. May   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2004 6-7. Walter, Donald. Mixed Martial Arts: Ultimate Sport, or Ultimately   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Illegal? . 8 Dec. 2003. . 21 Apr. 2005.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .

Far from the madding crowd Essay

This shows that hardy thinks love is based upon events like â€Å"How terrible! † she exclaimed, and clutched him by the sleeve. Gabriel turned, and steadied her on her aerial perch by holding her arm† this shows that she can depend on Oak and trust him and. BOLDWOOD chapter 31, In farmer Boldwood, hardy presents a love that is obsessive and deranged. His ‘unreasoning devotion’ to Bathsheba ‘ is described as a ‘fond madness’. In chapter31 Boldwood confronts Bathsheba and we clearly see a desperate man. He is desperate man because he is willing to kill for a woman who thinks of him as she † never had you. † When it is clear that she had she did more than just lead him on she made and broke a promise of not seeing nay one else and broke her word by saying that she would not marry him, ‘What you call encouragement was the childish game of an idle minute’. In this Boldwood deeply blames Bathsheba for how bad he feels. In this scene Boldwood does try very hard to keep controlled and he even refers to Bathsheba as ‘darling’ when she has done so much wrong to him. Hardy describes Boldwood as ‘desperate’ he does this to show an erratic and unpredictable natures but have an undying devotion to Bathsheba. He describes Gabriel Oak as ‘solid’ he say this to give an impression of consistency and reliability and predictable. Hardy makes that point to show the different in the types of love in the 2 suitors she refused them both and the difference between the two men is the way they react to situation. BOLDWOOD MEETS TROY chapter 34, Moreover, when Boldwood meets Troy in chapter 34 it shows yet another type of love more of a fancy, want for sex type of love emitted by Troy. That is a huge contrast to Boldwood who has a type of utterly devoted desperate love. Hardy compares Troy and Boldwood because he wants to show that he can show that both are fond of Bathsheba but some much more hardy uses words like â€Å"devil may cry† to describe Troy and much more powerful words like â€Å"over whamming to describe† Hardy’s point on love is it comes in all sorts of shapes and sizes and can differ as much as it does between Boldwood’s and Troy’s does. SERGEANT TROY chapter 28, Furthermore Troy is a reckless yet attractive character. He appears brash and direct; his unpredictable and shifting nature is clearly evident in his relationship with Fanny. Troy’s sedation and treatment of Bathsheba is therefore, anticipated. In chapter 28 Troy had lead Bathsheba into a small-secluded area of a field where Troy enticed and teased Bathsheba. By showing off his sword play or his â€Å"dexterity† as hardy put its temps Bathsheba to even kiss Troy. There is a lot of meaning behind this chapter, and it has relevance through out the whole book hardy really tries to put as much emphasis on the atmosphere as possible and the feel of the read he says words like scarlet fever and fever implies it to be hot and bothered. Hardy really ties to show just how in control Troy is. Troy even lies to Bathsheba and threatened her life it is ironic that he lies to harm Bathsheba and Boldwood lie’s to help her. Troy is in control, this also comes into play before they get married when Troy says that if Bathsheba does not get married then he can not give Bathsheba his word that he will stay faithful putting Bathsheba in a ultimatum and he knows it so much so that he even draws attention to her breasts and lunges his sword towards her heart to remove a simple bug and when Bathsheba questions Troy he claims that 1. If she gets hurt it would have been her fault and 2. He simply says â€Å"o no dexterity† other than luck. It does show just how intense the moment was Bathsheba was willing to die for Troy or at least the idea of Troy witch shows a contrast between Boldwood willing to die or indeed to kill for Bathsheba for â€Å"the keen rush† love or a form of love. FANNY chapter, The chapter ‘Fanny’s revenge’ sees the fragile marriage of Bathsheba and Troy finally dissolve. In the chapter, before Troy arrives Bathsheba is happy and child like and takes little care over men, but has ‘a mans’ care over things like business. When Troy kisses Fanny’s dead body Bathsheba is ‘lonely and miserable’ and desperate for Troy to kiss her that should not be too much to accept for a wife. Troy is by no means sorry for his love for Fanny, he acts as if Bathsheba is not even their, hardy shows us how he is ignoring Bathsheba by saying things like ‘Boldwood rushed to Fanny’ HOPE FOR GABRIEL chapter 56, By the end of chapter 56, Gabriel realises that Bathsheba might marry him after all. Bathsheba is now ready for Gabriel because Troy is now gone as well as the part of her that needed him to control her. She may still want him but she now needs some one to lean on and trust. Bathsheba is forced to act because 2 of her 3 suitors have either died or been put away and Bathsheba likes the attention. It is like Oak to still there for Bathsheba after his whole life has been turned upside down. Hardy discusses what is important about love at the end of the chapter, he writes â€Å"usually occurring through similarity of pursuits, is unfortunately seldom superadded to love between the sexes, because men and women associate, not in their labours, but in their pleasures merely† he then moves on to say â€Å"that love which many waters cannot quench, nor the floods drown, beside which the passion usually called by the name is evanescent as steam. † All this is to show just how powerful love is. This is the whole message that the book is going to put across. THE RIGHT MAN, It is plain from the beginning that Gabriel is the right man for Bathsheba. However she is not ready for it at the begging as she needs to be more controlled and even grow up, in the begging when clever things got hard, or she was wrong she just ‘pulled rank’ so to speak like when she was making leather or on the hay bail. Bathsheba begins the book as a girl and grows up into a woman because she can see that she cant always have it her way and lead people on because they will get hurt or worse die. In conclusion, hardy portrays three kinds of love they are reckless lust, shown by Troy devotion, shown by Oak and dependence, as shown by Boldwood. Hardy does not show a clear ‘best’ type of love you can think what you like of the best Boldwood ends up protecting Bathsheba and almost killing himself. She does end up courting Oak but that does not mean that it is the best type of love only that it is a constant happy kind of loves. Then there is trot the one that gave Bathsheba the most enjoyment and the most unpredictability.

Healthcare and Communication Essay

Abstract Healthcare is a continuous growing field, within this field you are faced with many diverse cultures that have different values, beliefs, practice and customs of a special group. Among the many challenges facing healthcare is the role of language and cultural barriers that can affect health care and the quality of care that a patient may receive. Healthcare provider interactions, preferred treatment of care are some of the cultural behaviors that are encountered in the daily decision making process. Cultural behavior and the value can affect such use in preventive health care, health related lifestyle, and sources of health related knowledge. The challenge in healthcare today is the number of the patient population that is diverse from the usual United States population. Effective Communication The growth of the culturally and linguistically diverse population has led to many efforts to encourage or ensure that health care systems respond to the distinct needs of culturally and linguistically different patients by becoming â€Å"culturally competent† Just as with the concept of culture, there are many definitions of cultural competency. However, most definitions are derived from one developed by mental health researchers who defined cultural competence as â€Å"a set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or amongst professionals and enables that system, agency, or those professionals to work effectively in cross-cultural situations† (Cross et al. 1989, cited in Brach and Fraser 2000: 182). Effective communication between patients and physicians who are culturally and linguistically different implies the employment of strategies to provide culturally competent health care. At a minimum, effective communication means that all participants in the communication comprehend and understand the content of the communication. Beyond this minimum, effective communication implies subjective feelings such as trust, empathy, and mutual satisfaction with the communication. In the case of patient-physician verbal communication during a clinical encounter, effective communication  means that both physician and patient. As a provider of healthcare you must be able to understand the content of each other’s spoken communication thoughts related to the encounter, leaving no questions and thoughts unexpressed. You must have the patient feel that sufficient time is available for speaking and listening, and the overall satisfaction with the communication was successful. Language Barriers Environmental, socioeconomic characteristics and perceptual contexts have a vast impact on communication. Researchers have taken surveys of micro groups of culture and Latinos as well as Hispanics have shown that due to the lower access of health care language barriers have had an adverse impact on patient appointments, how providers explain symptoms, and the understanding of terminology. Language and cultural barriers can be added to health behavior models to illustrate their effects on access to medical care. For example, limited English proficiency and cultural unfamiliarity with the U.S. health care system can both be considered inhibitors or barriers in accessing medical care. The healthcare belief model shows the effects of f cultural differences on health care use are similar to those of language. Cultural differences often translate into cultural barriers that lower access to health care. However, the research on cultural barriers on access or use of health care is not as extensive as research on language barriers. Language and culture are used interchangeably so that the effects of culture may not be distinguished from those of language. Skill in a language does not necessarily bring with it cultural familiarity and competence. Providers can choose to learn a second language, let us say, Japanese, and become sufficiently proficient that she is ilingual in English and Japanese. She may still lack cultural knowledge of Japanese culture, including values and beliefs about health and illness, traditional health treatments, and the experience of being a immigrant in the United States. Overcoming the language barrier is a major step in effective communication with Japanese speaking patients, but cultural differences can still affect the doctor patient relationship. Healthcare High and Low Context Providers in general need to be more empathetic when dealing with high and low context cultures, the quality of interaction is very important. High text cultures tend to have a more moderate or suppressed expression of negative or confrontational messages, unlike the low context culture. In the low context culture silence and pauses are often misunderstood as the patient agreeing with the situation. Responsibility of communication lies with the provider, to be clearer of the information that is being transposed through provider patient relationship. To improve the quality of care providers must be able to recognize patterns and body language, and take an emphasis on listening, and take note of response and speech. With the acknowledgement of these patterns providers and staff are able to reduce the amount of error that can occur in health care. Healthcare Stereotyping Stereotyping is a behavior used when there is uncertainty; providers may apply this type of treatment when faced with medical decision making. Individual often harbor negative associations in relation to various groups. African American patients have been viewed as less educated, and less likely to comply with the providers instructions. Providers are often unaware of here bias decisions. One stereotype is that of Black Americans are less cooperative when it comes to medical procedures, this is called automatic stereotyping. To beat this type of treatment is vital that the provider communicates with patients; understand the environmental state of these patients. Many patients who don’t receive proper care is due to the cost of health insurance, lack of finance, and communities that are lacking proper physician care. Patient care must be treated as an equal. Conclusion The healthcare field as been viewed as a field that has overcome many barriers, unfortunately that’s untrue, many providers suffer from the lack of communication, and understanding why it is important to break cultural barriers. Perception and disparities in health care are often stereotype those without health insurance, how well a patient speaks English, and lastly patient gender. As health care providers it is very important to understand the quality of care that is expected among cultures. Communication among the patient and physician can make or break the organization values. References Neulip, J. W. (4th Edition 2009). Intercultural Communication. In J. W. Neulip, A Contextual Approach. Sage Publications. Singleton, K., Krause, E., (Sept. 30, 2009) â€Å"Understanding Cultural and Linguistic Barriers to Health Literacy† OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. Vol.